linking vebs

2.Linking Verbs

Since linking verbs, also referred to as copulas or copular verbs, don't function in the same way as typical verbs in showing action, it can sometimes be tricky to recognize them. These types of verbs:

• Show a relationship between the subject and the sentence complement, the part of the sentence following the verb
• Connect or link the subject with more information – words that further identify or describe the subject

• Identify a relationship or existing condition

These types of verbs are sometimes described as performing the function of an equal sign because they provide the connection between a subject and a certain state.

Words That Are True Linking Verbs

Some words are always linking verbs. These are considered "true." They do not describe the action, but always connect the subject to additional information. The most common true linking verbs are forms of "to be," "to become" and "to seem."

Forms of "to be"

• Am
• Is
• Is being
• Are
• Are being
• Was
• Was being
• Were
• Has
• Has been
• Have been
• Will have been
• Had been
• Are being
• Might have been

Forms of "to become"

• Become
• Becomes
• Became
• Has become
• Have become
• Had become
• Will become
• Will have become

Forms of "to seem"

• Seemed
• Seeming
• Seems
• Has seemed
• Have seemed
• Had seemed
• Will seem

Any time you see these words in a sentence, you know they are performing a linking or connective function in showing a relationship or describing a state.
For example:

• "I am glad it is Friday." Here the linking verb "am" connects the subject (I) to the state of being glad.
• "Laura is excited about her new bike." Here "is" describes Laura's emotional state of excitement.
• "My birds are hungry." The word "are" identifies that the birds currently exist in a physical state of hunger.

1.Deggre of Comparison

The Degrees of Comparison in English grammar are made with the Adjective and Adverb words to show how big or small, high or low, more or less, many or few, etc., of the qualities, numbers and positions of the nouns (persons, things and places) in comparison to the others mentioned in the other part of a sentence or expression.

An Adjective is a word which qualifies (shows how big, small, great, many, few, etc.) a noun or a pronoun is in a sentence.
An adjective can be attributive (comes before a noun) or predicative (comes in the predicate part):
e.g.  He is a tall man. (‘tall’ —  adjective – attributive)
This man is tall.  (‘tall’ —  adjective – predicative)

An Adverb is a word which adds to the meaning of the main verb (how it is done, when it is done, etc.) of a sentence or expression. It normally ends with ‘ly’, but there are some adverbs that are without ‘ly’: e.g.  She ate her lunch quickly.   He speaks clearly.  They type fast.

Kinds of comparison:

1. POSITIVE DEGREE: Tom is tall a boy.

In this sentence the word ‘tall’ is an adjective telling us how Tom is.  There is no other person or thing in this sentence used to compare Tom with, but it is the general way of saying about persons, animals and things that they have some quality (here ‘tallness’) above average in general sense. The adjective word ‘tall’ is said to be  in the “positive form”.

This comparison is called “positive degree” comparison. There are two more comparisons with the ‘positive form’ of the adjective words. They are:

(i)  Degree of Equality: This comparison is used to compare two persons, animals or things to tell us that they are equal – having the same quality. There are  two cats with the same height and weight, and look the same except for the colour. Therefore we say: The brown cat is as beautiful as the grey cat.  (= Both the cats are the same.) The word “beautiful” is an adjective in the ‘positive form’, and with the conjunction as…as  it expresses the ‘degree of equality’.
(ii)  Degree of Inequality: This comparison is used to compare two persons, animals or things to tell us that they are not equal – not having the same quality.  The brown cat is not so beautiful as the black & white cat. (= They are not the same.) The word “beautiful” is an adjective in the ‘positive form’, and with the conjunction so…as (and the negative ‘not’) it expresses the ‘degree of inequality’
2. COMPARATIVE DEGREE:

Tom is a tall boy.Tom is taller than his sister.In the second sentence the word ‘taller’ is an adjective used to compare the ‘tallness’ of these two persons – Tom and his sister – and to tell us that Tom has more of the quality of ‘tallness’.

Therefore, an adjective word which shows the difference of quality between twotwo groups of persons, animals or things is said to be in the ‘comparative form’. persons, animals or things, or

This comparison is called “Comparative Degree”.

There are two more degrees of comparison with the ‘comparative form’ of an adjective. They are:

(i)  Parallel Degree: This comparison is used to show that the qualities of two items (adjectives or adverbs) talked about in the given sentence go parallel, i.e. if one quality (adjective or adverb) increases, the other quality (adjective or adverb) increases, and if one quality decreases, the other quality also decreases.
The bigger the box, the heavier it is.
(ii)  Progressive Degree: This comparison is used to show that the quality of a thing (adjective or adverb) talked about in the given sentence increases as the time passes, for example:
MON      TUE         WED       THU        FRI          SAT         SUN
25° → 27° → 30° → 33°→ 35° → 38° → 40°

It’s getting hotter and hotter day by day.  [as the time passes the temperature increases] OR The days are getting hotter and hotter.

3. SUPERLATIVE DEGREE:

A musk ox is a large animal. An elephant is larger than a musk ox. The blue whale is the largest of all animals. The blue whale is the largest of all animals in the world. In this sentence the word (the) ‘largest’ is an adjective used to compare the “largeness” of the blue whale and to tell us that the blue whale has the most quality of ‘largeness’.

This comparison is used to compare one person, animal or thing with more than two persons, animals or things (the rest of the group of more than two), and to say that the particular one has the highest degree of that particular quality (here the comparison is between the blue whale and the rest of the animals, more than two). The adjective ‘large’ is said to be in the ‘superlative form’.

This comparison is called “Superlative Degree”.

3. ADVERBS

Adverbs are traditionally defined as words that describe verbs            

Adverbs answer any of the following questions about verbs:

how?    when?    where?     why?

The following examples illustrate adverbs modifying verbs:

How did he lift the barbell?

Easily is an adverb.

When will we use it?

Tomorrow functions as an adverb.

Where did she hide the key?

Nearby is an adverb.

Adverbs are the most moveable of all parts of speech; therefore, it is sometimes difficult to identify an adverb on the basis of its position in a sentence.

For example, the adverb slowly will fit into three places in the sentence       He climbed the ladder:

                            

                    

Most adverbs end in -ly.  In fact, most adverbs are formed by adding -ly to adjectives:

               

                

Like adjectives of more than one syllable, adverbs usually become comparative and superlative by using more and most.

Examples:

                                                 

Flat adverbs

Adjectives that do not change form (add -ly) to become adverbs are called "flat adverbs. Typical flat adverbs are early, late, hard, fast, long, high, low, deep, near.

                 

To determine whether these words are functioning as adjectives or adverbs, one must determine

1)  what the word is describing (noun or verb)

2)  what question the word is answering

The following examples illustrate the distinction.

Early as adjective:

Early describes the noun train and answers the question "which one?"

Early as adverb:

Early describes the verb arrived and answers the question "when?"

Hard as adjective:

Hard describes the noun pass and answers the question "what kind?"

Hard as adverb:

Hard describes the verb threw and answers the question "how?"

4. PASSIVE SENTENCE ACTIVE AND

Kalimat aktif (active sentences)

Adalah sebuah kalimat yang melakukan suatu hal atau kegiatan didalam kalimat aktif selalu menggunakan kata berawalan me.

Cirri-ciri kalimat aktif (aktif sentences):

·         Subjeknya sebagai pelaku

·         Predikatnya berawalan me atau ber.

*) example active sentences (contoh kalimat aktif).

·         Yudi playing foot ball

·         Anggi watch television

*) kalimat passive ( passive sentences)

Adalah kalimat subjeknya dikenai suatu hal atau tindakan baik itu di sengaja ataupun tidak di sengaja.

-Cirri-ciri kalimat passive ( passive sentences):

·         Subjeknya sebagai penderita

·         Predikatnya berawalan di, ter, atau ter-kan .

·         Predikatnya berupa pesona ( kata ganti orang, disusul kata ganti orang yang kehilangan awalan) .

-example passive sentences (contoh kalimat passive):

·         Bal to kick by dani

·         Nudle is cooking by eci

Mengubah kalimat aktif menjadi kalimat pasif dan kalimat pasif menjadi kalimat aktif.

Untuk mengubah kalimat aktif menjadi kalimat pasif dan juga sebaliknya dapat di lakukan langkah-langkah mudah yakni :

1.      Mengubah awalan pada predikat yaitu menukar awalan me atau ber dengan di atau ter dan begitu sebaliknya.

2.      Menukar subjek dengan objek dan sebaliknya menukar kata benda yang tadinya menjadi objek dan sebaliknya menukar kata benda yang tadinya objek menjadi subjek dan begitu sebaliknya

-example :                                                            

·         Nofriyan playing basket ball. = basketballis playing by nofriyan

·         Elsi to sew a dres = a dres at sewbay elsi

·         Doctor to exsamine is pasien in the hospital= the hospital is pasien in examine by doctor

-kalimat aktif menjadi pasif

(aktif) I took the shirt yesterday

(Pasif) the shirt was taken by me yesterday

Example:

1.      Player played the guitar = the guitar was played by player

2.      They are building a nen ring road roun the city = a new ring rude is being build by roun the city

3.      Hundred of people fisit the was hington monument everyday = the was hington is visited by hundred of people everyday

4.      The women is singing a song = a song is being sung by the women

Kalimat aktif adalah kalimat yang selalu berawalan me sdedangkan kalimat pasif adalah kalimat yang selalu berawalan di

Contoh :

Kalimat aktif : rani sedang menyiram tanaman

Kalimat pasif : tanaman sedang di siram rani.

Kalimat aktif : danu membeli buku pelajaran

Kalimat pasif : buku pelajaran di beli danu.

5. Gerunds

Gerun adalah kata kerja verb yang di tambah ing (+ing) dan berfungsi sebagai kata noun. Dengan kata lain, gerunds adalah kata kerja yang digunakan atau diubah menjadi kata benda dengan menambahkan ing. Dalam kalimat bahasa inggris, gerunds mempunyai peran sebagai:

1.      Geruds as subject

2.      Gerunds as object

3.      Gerunds as subjective complimen

4.      Gerunds as subject of preposition

5.      Gerunds after word “no”

6.      Gerunds after posesive abjective

7.      Gerunds after certain verb

8.      Gerunds as appositive

1.      Gerunds as subject

Berikut ini contoh-contoh gerund yang berfungsi sebagaii subjek:

Reading is not my hobby

Swimming is better than running

2.      Gerunds as object

I like reading

She goes swimming every morning

3.      Gerunds asa subjective complement

Geruds sebagai pelengkap subjek dalam kalimat biasanya selalu didahului to be yang terletak diantara subjek dan subjective complement contoh:

Her pavorite spotr swimming

4.      Gerunds as subject of preposition

Gerunds sebagai objek dari preposisi terletak setelah preposisi, misalnya: for, before, without, in, hurd, after, dan lain-lain.

Contoh: I will was the thishes after eating

5.      Gerunds afternoon

Dalam kalimat larangan, kita sering memakai kata noun dan setelahnya biasanya diletakan verb+ing yaitu gerunds contoh: no parking in this area

6.      Gerunds after posesive adjective

Gerunds juga sering kita jumpai setelah posesive adjective misalnya: thank’s for you coming

7.      Gerunds after certain verb

Dalam bahasa inggris ada beberapa kata kerja tertentu yang bila kita ingin memasukan kata kerja sesudah kata kerja tersebut, maka kata kerja setelahya harus berbentuk gerunds atau verb+ing.

Admit      : he admitted cheating on the test

Advise      : the doctor generally advised drinking low fatmilk

Allow         : Ireland dosen’t allow smoking in bars

Anticipate : I anticipated arriving late

Appreciate : I appreciated her helping me

Apoid           : he apoided talking to her

Begin           : I began learning Chinese.

Can’t bear   : he can’t bear having so much responsibility.

Can’t help  : he can’t help talking so loudly.

Can’t see : I can’t see paying so much money for a car.

8.      Gerunds as appositive

·         Gerunds sebagai aposisi atau penegas dalam kalimat contoh ;

·         His method, syuting and killing, eventually can to an end.

·         She has a bead habid, gambling.

·         Her paforite exercise, swimming in the pool, makes her body strong.

·         That difficult work, swimming hard woo, makes him exhausted.

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M.kuliah         :Bahasa inggris

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